People did not give their loyalty to the nation-state but to other, different forms of political organization: the city-state, the feudal fief and its lord, the dynastic state, the religious group, or the sect. Formerly states, or territories under one administration, were not delineated by nationality. In the age of nationalism, but only in the age of nationalism, the principle was generally recognized that each nationality should form a state-its state-and that the state should include all members of that nationality. Nationalism, translated into world politics, implies the identification of the state or nation with the people-or at least the desirability of determining the extent of the state according to ethnographic principles. Thus, the 19th century has been called the age of nationalism in Europe, while the 20th century witnessed the rise and struggle of powerful national movements throughout Asia and Africa. At the beginning of the 20th century, nationalism flowered in Asia and Africa. After penetrating the new countries of Latin America, it spread in the early 19th century to central Europe and from there, toward the middle of the century, to eastern and southeastern Europe.
Actually, the American and French revolutions may be regarded as its first powerful manifestations. Because of its dynamic vitality and its all-pervading character, nationalism is often thought to be very old sometimes it is mistakenly regarded as a permanent factor in political behaviour. Throughout history people have been attached to their native soil, to the traditions of their parents, and to established territorial authorities, but it was not until the end of the 18th century that nationalism began to be a generally recognized sentiment molding public and private life and one of the great, if not the greatest, single determining factors of modern history. For later developments in the history of nationalism, see 20th-century international relations European Union and Euroskepticism. This article discusses the origins and history of nationalism to the 1980s. Nationalism, ideology based on the premise that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual or group interests. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.
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